Essay on Durkheim and Marx Theories Applied to Drug Laws

All societies have rules and regulations as well as penalties for those who violate them. There are numerous theories about the philosophy behind these laws and punishments, and the reasons we implement them. A short analysis of two of these perspectives can shed light on the differences between the various ideas while illustrating that, in reality, each theory carries some validity. Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx’s perspectives on the law are significantly different. Durkheim’s view is based upon the belief that a society’s legal system reflects the values of society as a whole, while Marx’s view is based upon the belief that laws reflect a continuing conflict between the classes. An examanation of how these two perspectives perceive†¦show more content†¦David Garland agrees with this and writes, â€Å"penal measures are shaped not just by patterns of criminality-- themselves linked to the conditions of life of marginal groups and their relation to other classes-- but primarily by governmental perceptions of the poor as a social problem and the preferred strategies for their treatment (page 134).† In the late 1980’s and early 1990’s, drug use became a major concern for most Americans. As the War on Drugs and â€Å"Just Say No† campaign were being thrust into the spotlight by the government and media, the public became more aware of the scope of drug use and abuse in this country. The federal and states’ governments quickly responded by creating and implementing more harsh and punitive punishments for drug offenses. Most of these laws have either remained unchanged or become stricter in the years since then. According to the Durkheimian perspective, the public sees drug use as an unacceptable behavior and recognizes it as a threat to morality and values. As such, drug users must be punished in order to restore societal harmony and deter future offenses. The increasingly punitive reaction to drug use in the 1980’s can be seen as a reaction to the public’s increasing perception that drugs are a threat to the moral fabric of society. By inflicting severe punishment on drug offenders, the community is satisfied with the knowledge that drug addicts are paying forShow MoreRelatedDurkheim And Marx s Theory Of Sociology1722 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the industrialization period Marx and then Durkheim began to apply their sociological theories to explain how societies function. Durkheim and Marx approached sociology from very different perspectives. Durkheim argued that the purpose of sociology is to study how the societal norms and social facts affect people on the individual level. He believed that society is â€Å"sui generis† (Durkheim 1912:247), meaning it is a unique thing that exists on its own. However, Marx approached sociology from an economicRead MoreDurkheim s Influence On Sociology1240 Words   |  5 PagesPlease describe the impact Marx, Durkheim, Weber had on sociology as prominent contributors of the discipline. Durkheim and Max Weber, Marx is seen as one of the three founders of the social sciences. Emile Durkheim, was a French sociologist. His theories and writings helped establish the foundations of modern sociology. Durkheim disagreed with most social theorists of the late 1800 s because they thought that individual psychology was the basis of sociology. Durkheim regarded sociology as theRead MoreEssay on The Goal of Functionalism in Religion1748 Words   |  7 Pagesit plays for humans within society. Sigmund Freud, Emile Durkheim, and Karl Marx were all functionalist who developed theories as to why religion was such a major part of their society. Their views are very different from the two theorists E.B. Tylor and James Frazer, as they believed humans were using religion to try and explain the unknowns in the world. Though all three of the men took a fundamentalist approach to religion, their theories to explain religion have some major differences betweenRead MoreThe Main Categories Are Violent Crimes And Property Crimes1415 Words   |  6 Pageshelplessness, concern ab out â€Å"losing your mind†, fear of telling anyone or trusting anyone, sleeping problems, low self-confidence, aches and pains, eating difficulties or disorders, relationship, intimacy, or sexual problems, becoming dependent on alcohol or drugs†¦ the list goes on and on and on. This social problem is so serious not just because of all of the consequences that follow it, but the culture that has sprung up today that perpetuates rape and, especially, victim blaming. Child abuse is a major socialRead MoreSOC 3310 Winter 2001 Take Home Final Essay4021 Words   |  17 PagesSociological Theory from Durkheim to Weber and Mead and Hall Sociological Theory/SOC-3310 Winter 2001 Take-home Final Durkheim, Marx, Weber, Mead, Stuart Hall A. 1) According to Durkheim, what produces anomie in society? (10) Durkheim focuses on the stability of society, and discusses the social causes of suicide. His work shows how ideology contributes to stability, and he describes abnormal conditions as anomie. Durkheim states, in normal conditions the collectiveRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Functionalism and Marxism2300 Words   |  10 Pagescompare to the study of crime are Functionalism and Marxism. I have done so, as I believe both theories are important/ significant to the study of crime and differentiate from each other. 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Marxism derived from German philosophers Karl Marx (also a political economist/ sociologist) and Friedrich Engels in the middle of the 1800s. ‘MarxismRead MoreTracing Theoretical Approaches to Crime and Social Control: from Functionalism to Postmodernism16559 Words   |  67 PagesMike Trask, Joanni Hache, Caroline Trudel, and Alex Wilson; to my best friend Nicole Prime, your continuous friendship and educational assistance is appreciated more than words can express; to Dr. Jim Brittain for your influential insight into Karl Marx and the capitalistic social order; thank you to my second thesis supervisor, Dr. Anthony Thomson, for your unwavering patience, which afforded me a space of peace and tranquility that guided me through the thesis process; and finally, to my first Read MoreEssay about Structural-Functionalism and Conflict Theory2741 Words   |  11 PagesTheories in sociology provide us with different perspectives with which to view our social world. A perspective is simply a way of looking at the world. A theory is a set of interrelated propositions or principles designed to answer a question or explain a particular phenomenon; it provides us with a perspective. Sociological theories help us to explain and predict the social world in which we live. Sociology includes three major theoretical perspectives: the structural-functionalist perspectiveRead MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  41 Pagesposition and privileges Challenge authorities = charged with heresy Divert attention Blames witches and the Church becomes indispensible Scapegoat Target powerless or threatening groups Rationale for Punishment Rooted in Christianity Biblical law – lex tallonis (eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth) Penance through physical pain Nothing scared about the body Restore order of the world Maintain balance Eliminate evil spirits through death Symbolism of fire Deterrence General (a sentenceRead MoreSociology A2 Revision 2012 34479 Words   |  18 Pagesexam: Tuesday 19th June, pm Easter Revision: tbc A2 Syllabus: AQA Sociology GCE (new specification) Unit 3: Mass Media (SCLY3) Worth 20% of your final A Level Written paper, 1 hour 30 minutes 60 marks available Unit 4: Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods (SCLY4) Worth 30% of your final A Level Written paper, 2 hours 90 marks available Timetable Use your revision checklists to draw up a timetable for revision leading up to the exam. Make sure you cover everything, but make sure it is

Analysis of Modern Management Thought - 1310 Words

Modern management thought can be analyzed by examining the evolution of society. Upto1700s, large organizations were mainly military, political or religious and not industrial. Gradually, members of the society began to question the existing social order which eventually gave way to new authority, structures and beliefs. During the 1800s, the technological improvements minimized the dependency on agricultural labour and created the basis for a continuous system of manufacturing which led to Industrial Revolution. Due to industrialization, Classical school of management came into existence, according to which, human beings were characterized as rational and economic being, and who would act to maximize their self-interest. Further, Scientific Approach to Management concerned with the development of one single way of performing the task and the main focus was on the measurement and structure of an organizational work. The birth of Scientific Management was attributed to Frederick Taylo r. He was in favor of the best way of doing work which resulted in optimal production. Another name attached to Scientific Management was that of Henry Gantt(1816-1919) whose main focus was on rate(amount) and to provide bonus if production exceeds. In spite of its effectiveness, Scientific Management was criticized on the ground that workers are motivated merely by money. On the other hand, worker’s motivation involves job related psychological factors which were ignored in ScientificShow MoreRelatedThe Galaxy Toys Case Study1394 Words   |  6 Pagescase study is an in-depth analysis of the management theory within the shipping department. The case study revolves around two people, Bart Aldrin and Joyce Barnhart. Bart became the manager of the shipping department in 1969 and held a 20th century management style until he was forced to change. 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Progression in management theory normal happen as key personnel discover great methods to accomplish the most important management responsibilities: planning, organiz-ing, leading, and controllingRead MoreExplain how the managerial ideas of Taylor and Fayol differ from Mayo. Assess the relevance of Classical Management theorists to the management of contemporary organisations1292 Words   |  6 PagesClassical Management comprises three different approaches: - Scientific Management (associated with the work of F W Taylor); - Bureaucratic Management (hierarchical structure associated with the work of M Weber); - Administrative Management (associated with the work of H Fayol). The Human Relations approach is associated with the work of E Mayo and F Roethlisberger. 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Young Goodman Brown Free Essays

Though each character was put into three completely different situations, each one had a very similar way of dealing with his own problem. They all stuck to their own opinions regardless of how it affected each of them as an individual. In â€Å"A P,† Sammy did not let Lange talk him out of quitting his Job as cashier even though it cost him his employment (Uptake, par. We will write a custom essay sample on Young Goodman Brown or any similar topic only for you Order Now 30). He clung to his beliefs and left Just as Young Goodman did when he found his fellow town’s people assembled in the forest to worship Satan (Hawthorne, par. 6). He could have conformed to the group and joined the worship, but instead he did what he felt was right despite the fact that with leaving the forest he would lose everyone he cared for. Likewise, Old Man Warner could very well have adapted to the rest of the small towns and got rid of â€Å"the lottery,† but he believed that the lottery fulfilled a purpose and was insistent on having it though, he could quite possibly be the next villager to lose his/her life (Jackson, par. 30). In contrast to the similar ways they handled their situations, each character has different purpose for the decision they settled upon. Sammy did not quit his Job because he felt like Lange was being unfair to the bikini girls, but he hoped that the arils would appreciate his valiant efforts and he would receive three lovely ladies as a reward for his deed (Uptake, par. 31). Goodman Brown made his decision because he felt betrayed by his friends and believed that they were In the wrong. He kept his faith and deserted what he was against (Hawthorne, par. 67). Lastly, Old Man Warner was against the getting rid of the lottery because the system worked for him. He was used to the tradition and It had never failed him so he saw no reason to annihilate this well-known ritual (Jackson, par. 40). The final contrast between the characters of these three stories Is how their decisions affected them In the end. Men of Principle; â€Å"A P, † â€Å"Young Goodman Brown, † and â€Å"The Lottery† By Qualification Lottery,† and mining Goodman Brown,† Sammy, Old Man Warner, and Goodman Jackson, par. 30). Felt betrayed by his friends and believed that they were in the wrong. He kept his used to the tradition and it had never failed him so he saw no reason to annihilate this well-known ritual Jackson, par. 40). The final contrast between the characters of these three stories is how their decisions affected them in the end. How to cite Young Goodman Brown, Papers Young Goodman Brown Free Essays Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a short story in which the author attempts to convey several different messages or themes throughout the literary piece. Themes in literary works can sometimes be better understood by analyzing the piece with a specific literary criticism technique. A few of these literary criticism techniques include Marxist, Formalism, and Reader Response just to name a few. We will write a custom essay sample on Young Goodman Brown or any similar topic only for you Order Now Given Hawthorne’s style of writing and this short story in particular, a reader or critic can benefit from analyzing his work with the Reader Response literary criticism approach. The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms define reader response criticism as, â€Å"a type of literary criticism that focuses on reading as an active process and on the diversity of readers’ responses to literary works,† (Murfin Ray 425). By analyzing â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† using the Reader Response method the reader adequately comprehends the themes of loss of innocence, fear and public image that Hawthorne depicts in his short story. Goodman Brown, much like the title alludes, is the main character in this story that is faced with a series of decisions that illustrates his morals and society as a whole. Using the Reader Response literary criticism technique the reader relates to Goodman Brown in his first major decision. This decision comes as Goodman Brown is leaving one evening and his wife is pleading with him not to go. Mr. Brown sets the tone for the short story and gives the audience some insight into his personality as he responds to his wife by stating, â€Å"of all nights in the year, this one night must I tarry away from thee,† (Hawthorne 3). Brown then turns the focus from himself back towards his wife’s trust in him by questioning, â€Å"my sweet, pretty wife, dost thou doubt me already, and we but three months married? (Hawthorne 3). The obvious reader response in this part of the story is one of misunderstanding or perhaps anger towards Goodman Brown for leaving his new wife (Faith) and flipping his decision to leave onto Faith’s insecurities. Themes and symbols become more prevalent in the story using this literary critique as the main character wanders into the woods and interacts with who appears to be the devil. The theme of loss of innocence is understood by the audience due to the fact that it was Mr. Brown’s own decision to leave his wife on a journey to interact with the devil. Another theme that is highlighted in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne proves to be the theme of fear. Fear is illustrated in the plot from the moment the main character makes his journey into the woods or forest. By using the Reader Response critique the audience picks up on the author attempting to portray the forest as a place of darkness, isolation or evilness. Hawthorne conveys this image as he states, â€Å"It was now deep dusk in the forest and deepest in that part of it where these two were journeying,† (Hawthorne 4). In this portion of the story the main character has met up with the devil and continues to walk with the devil deeper into the forest. Without using the literary critic known as reader response, the audience might overlook the fact that Hawthorne is attempting to set a tone of evil and how Mr. Brown weighs out this evil with the innocence and purity that his wife Faith resembles. Finally, the theme of public image or how one is perceived in society is certainly something that Hawthorne attempts to focus on in this literary piece. Throughout the story Goodman Brown sees several individuals in the forest that he never thought he would see or would associate with evilness. These individuals include Goody Cloyse, Deacon Gookin and even his own wife Faith. Using the literary critique discussed above, the reader can relate to Goodman Brown and almost feel what he feels as he observes these people in the forest with him. At the beginning of the story Hawthorne somewhat projected Mr. Brown as almost an outcast in his innocent community by taking this journey into the woods. However as his journey continues and he sees other individuals in the dark forest with him Goodman Brown realizes he is not alone. The reader can interpret this a few different ways. First, it could be interpreted that Hawthorne is trying to illustrate that one’s public image may not be exactly what you think it is. This also could be interpreted as the loss of innocence is inevitable at some point in one’s life. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s style of writing provides a solid balance of obvious and subtle symbols, motifs and themes to portray the messages he sends to his audience. The readers of his literary pieces can learn more by going through his short stories applying the Reader Response Critique. This will allow one to relate to the different characters on a personal level and not allow information such as time, location and economic issues to be factored into a reader’s analysis. The reader response criticism certainly is beneficial to readers struggling with interpretation of a literary work; however this is not the only method that can aid a reader. In fact, there is numerous critique methods not mentioned and can even be used in conjunction with one another to allow for greater insight. How to cite Young Goodman Brown, Papers Young Goodman Brown Free Essays Nathanial Hawthorne had a way of intertwining imagery and symbolism into one. He could put the two together to create an ominous mood throughout his story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. The focus on the use of symbolism and imagery helps imply the theme, that no one can escape sin, in the story. We will write a custom essay sample on Young Goodman Brown or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hawthorne uses this theme to denounce puritan attitudes and hypocrisy. The imagery gives off a sense of no hope for any kind of happy ending. A melancholy and sinister feel throughout the entire story. He had taken a dreary road, darken by all the gloomiest trees of the forest, which barely stood aside to let the narrow path creep through, and closed immediately behind. It was all as lonely as could be; and there is this peculiarity in such a solitude, that the traveler knows not who may be concealed by the innumerable trunks and the thick boughs overhead; so that with lonely footsteps he may yet be passing through an unseen multitude. (Hawthorne) This is what sets the tone for the rest of the story. The images that Hawthorne writes in this passage show Goodman Brown’s character becoming a depressing figure. That is significant because with imagery that is depressing it sets Goodman Brown’s journey as more of an on purpose than a naive accident. This can also suggest that the temptation of sin is too powerful for Goodman Brown to resist. Goodman Brown met a second traveler, the imagery that Hawthorne writes of this fellow traveler is to inform the wickedness of this character. The character is not that greatly descripted, that does not mean he has no significant meaning in his person. But the only thing about him that could be fixed upon as remarkable as his staff, which bore a likeness of a great black snake, so curiously wrought that it might almost be seen to twist and wriggle itself like a living serpent†(Hawthorne). It gives off an evil wicked feel to the traveler. Without the description of the staff then it would be harder for symbolism to portray itself in the fellow traveler. Symbolism is obvious like his wife’s name Faith. Hawthorne gives Brown’s wife the name Faith because the story is about how Goodman leaves his faith behind. The symbolism is first shown when Brown speaks to himself after he has walked away from Faith. â€Å"Poor little Faith! † thought he, for his heart smote him. â€Å"What a wretch am I to leave her on such an errand! She talks of dreams, too. Methought as she spoke there was trouble in her face, as if a dream had warned her what work is to be done to-night. But no, no; ‘t would kill her to think it. Well, she’s a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night I’ll cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven. † (Hawthorne) Though he is literally speaking of his wife, she the â€Å"Faith† knows that he is going to fall away from her that very night. He feels that he may slip from his â€Å"Faith† just once then; he would never slip away from her again. After Goodman is further into his self-inflicting journey, he comes to the point where he gives up after he sees that the people who he thought were the strongest in their faith, falling into the evil sin of the Devil. â€Å"My Faith is gone! † cried he, after one stupefied moment. â€Å"There is no good on earth; and sin is but a name. Come, devil; for to thee is this world given† (Hawthorne). He cries this after he sees the pink ribbon that symbolizes his â€Å"Faith† float in the wind of the forest. This is when Brown has come to the realization that he has lost all innocence and cannot turn back. He has come to the realization that nobody can hide from sin. Not even his own Faith. Hawthorne had to put imagery and symbolism together to push his point of the story. He calls out the Puritans’ on their way of religion and how their attitude is hypocrisy. Goodman Brown discovers this while he is in the forest; the man who he thought had the most faith in God had fallen to sin, he himself had fallen to sin. Goodman brown does not see that as the case. For in the end when he realized that everybody sinned, he lost all faith in everything. After the night was over he was forever a changed man. A stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not a desperate man did he become from the night of that fearful dream. On the Sabbath day, when the congregation were singing holy psalm, he could not listen because an anthem of sin rushed loudly upon his ear and drowned all the blessed strain. When the minister spoke from the pulpit with power and fervid eloquence, and, with his hand on the open Bible, of the sacred truths of our religion, and of saint-like lives and triumphant deaths, and of future bliss or misery unutterable, then did Goodman Brown turn pale, dreading lest the roof should thunder down upon the grey blasphemer and his hearers. (Hawthorne) Goodman Brown did what most puritans’’ did at the time which was stick up their nose, and had a ‘Holier than thou’ attitude for the rest of his life. He was being a hypocrite because he was judging others on losing their faiths, when he does not included his own self. He disregards that even he had left his own â€Å"Faith’. Imagery and symbolism go side by side in the story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. The focusing on the use of symbolism as well as the use of imagery in the mood helps the theme of the story to be more meaningful. That nobody, not even the pastor or one’s own faith can escape from sin. It is Nathanial Hawthorn way of showing the Puritans that nobody can escape sin, and how they are being wrong for being hypocrites, that their attitudes towards other human mistakes â€Å"sin† is wrong in its self; when they accept their own sins. How to cite Young Goodman Brown, Essay examples

Black Like Me Racism Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Black Like Me: Racism Essay, Research Paper John Howard Griffin encountered several incidents of racial favoritism in the South as he posed as a black adult male. Griffin felt that most of the incidents occurred non because the culprits were average people, but that they were ignorant of tolerance and credence. Several illustrations of know aparting incidents that Griffin encountered were the clip when a auto full of white male childs drove by and threw a tangerine at Griffin ; the clip when a white # 8220 ; bully # 8221 ; pursued Griffin for no ground ; and the clip when a Louisiana coach driver refused to allow Griffin off the coach at his halt. First, an illustration of racial favoritism is the clip when a auto full of white male childs drove by and threw a tangerine at Griffin. Griffin was in Mississippi walking down Mobile Street when a auto full of white male childs drove by and shouted lewdnesss at Griffin, who was walking entirely. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Like Me Racism Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the male childs proceeded to throw a tangerine at Griffin # 8217 ; s caput, but it missed and splattered on a wall behind Griffin. Although the tangerine missed his caput, Griffin felt the # 8220 ; insane panic # 8221 ; of the incident, and realized how intense the tenseness between inkinesss and Whites was in Mississippi. Griffin besides learned that racists don # 8217 ; t ever recognize how stupid and childish their stereotypes and actions are. In add-on to the drive-by incident, another illustration of racism is the clip when a white # 8220 ; bully # 8221 ; pursued Griffin for no ground. Griffin was in New Orleans, in hunt of a caf, when a white adult male much stronger and younger than Griffin got up from his place and started to follow Griffin. The adult male yelled things like, # 8220 ; Hey, Mr. No-Hair, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Baldy, # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Shit-head # 8221 ; to Griffin but Griffin merely quickened his gait. Griffin approached a coach halt where a few Negroes were seated, told them of his state of affairs, asked for their aid, and turned about to indicate out the white adult male ; nevertheless, he was non in sight. The Negroes seemed annoyed with Griffin and assumed he was rummy. Griffin, amazed at their coldheartedness toward his fortunes, continued walking. He shortly realized that the white adult male had started to follow him once more. Griffin eventually got the bravery to name the white adult ma le into an back street to contend him. Griffin walked into the back street, afraid T hat the bully would really follow him, and turned about to see if the tough was coming. The bully, nevertheless, did non follow Griffin into the back street. Griffin was highly relieved but still nervous. The significance of the state of affairs was that Griffin learned that toughs are weak inside, and their failing can be proved when they are reasonably challenged. In add-on to the drive-by incident and the intimidation incident, another illustration of white racism is the clip when a Louisiana coach driver refused to allow Griffin off the coach at his halt. Griffin was ready to acquire off the coach and peal the bell at his halt. The driver stopped and opened the door. Griffin walked all the manner from the dorsum of the coach to the last measure when the driver shut the door in Griffin # 8217 ; s face. Griffin asked courteously to be let off, but driver refused. Griffin was careful non to lose his pique because he thought it might endanger the Negroes # 8217 ; position in the country. Griffin, unable to go out the coach, returned to his place. On the manner back to his place, Griffin noticed a white adult female who watched him with understanding but would non recommend for him. Without help, Griffin sounded the doorbell at every halt. Eight blocks past Griffin # 8217 ; s original halt, some Whites wanted to acquire off the coach so the dr iver stopped to allow them off. Griffin got up to go out every bit good, but before he got away, he asked the driver if it was all right, and the driver answered yes-as if he was tired of the game. Griffin was astonished by this deliberate act of inhuman treatment, and realized that some Whites were racist merely because it was merriment. In decision, Griffin feels commiseration for the Southern white people because they have the typical racist-mentality. Griffin feels that they are non needfully bad people, but that they are nescient of the thoughts of tolerance and credence. The clip when a auto full of white male childs drove by and threw a tangerine at Griffin ; the clip when a white # 8220 ; bully # 8221 ; pursued Griffin for no ground ; and the clip when a Louisiana coach driver refused to allow Griffin off the coach at his halt are all illustrations of white racism towards Griffin in the South. These illustrations illustrate that Griffin realized what it felt like to be judged based merely on his tegument colour, non on his capablenesss, qualities, or mind.