Problem Court Essay Example

Problem Court Essay Introduction The legal framework that is available in numerous societies is to a great degree multi-faceted in outline and made to permit equity in the assortment of circumstances that happens both in daily situations of people and the government. These multi-faceted legal frameworks come with various benefits and disadvantages. The comprehension of the internal operations of the legal framework assists people comprehends the planning, history and complex details that are included. The court framework is extremely broad and stretches out into an assortment of court types- and this makes it a great deal more viable. For example in The U.S The Federal Court Framework is tasked to act on issues relating to federal law. The U.S Supreme Court framework is the special case that cannot be abrogated as per the U.S Constitution. Benefits We will write a custom essay sample on Problem Court specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Problem Court specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Problem Court specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The general objective of the western legal framework is to give equity, settle disputes and construe laws inside a given nation. The benefit of current legal frameworks alongside what makes them complex in outline is their capacity to be connected to nations that are to a great degree expansive. Numerous western social orders have populaces that venture into the many millions, therefore a court framework that can be connected over this broad gathering of individuals is all the more helpful at giving equity. Staffing One case of an assignment said to be excessively tedious for a judge, making it impossible to attempt is assessing endless quantities of docs in camera;in some cases in the huge number of pages;to figure out if the benefit has been legitimately asserted. An additional one is a point by point, specialized work that might be important to get ready disclosure anticipates multi-faceted cases. Negatives Cases that are brought under the steady gaze of a sole judge regularly depend absolutely upon the judges watchfulness and conclusion making an adjustment of force that can once in a while prompt to unreasonable effects. Federal judges are basically designated for life in the U.S., which can make clashing interests, the same number of laws change through the span of a lifetime.

How human beings alter the atmospheric energy budget

How human beings alter the atmospheric energy budget Free Online Research Papers In our earth, all the energy comes from the sun. This is known as the radiant energy which keeps the earth warm enough to live. The earth’s mean temperature changes only slightly from one year to the next. This is due to the fact that the earth maintains a balance between radiation gain and radiation loss. But with human intervention, the earth’s atmospheric energy budget is seriously affected. First of all, the earth can only have one way of incoming heat energy, which is radiant energy. When the solar energy reaches the earth surface and the atmosphere, some of them are absorbed by the earth atmosphere system, while some energy is reflected or scattered back to space. The energy absorbed is the income of heat to make the earth warm. The heat is absorbed by the earth and atmosphere through many ways, such as direct solar energy absorption to the earth surface, atmosphere and clouds, latent heat transfer, sensible heat transfer and net gain from surface which is the gain from surface radiation minus the loss by counterradiation. After the energy is absorbed by the earth-atmosphere system, the energy is lost back to space from the earth also by many ways like long-wave terrestrial radiation, latent heat transfer and conduction and convection. Radiation gain of the earth-atmosphere is equal to radiation loss on a global scale. But radiation gain seldom equals radiation loss on a regional scale. There are always regional net surplus or regional net deficit. The receipt of energy differs from regions is because of many reasons. Firstly, it is the difference of the length of daylight. If a place receives a longer (smaller) length of daylight, the amount of absorbed energy will be larger (smaller). Then, it is the difference of nature of surface (degree of reflectivity which is known as albedo). If there is wet dark soil in a place, the degree of reflectivity is low, the amount of absorbed energy will be large, but if there is fresh snow cover, the degree of reflectivity is high, so the amount of absorbed energy will be small. Also, there is different amount of cloud cover on different places. More amount of cloud cover will result in larger reflection of radiation and larger absorption of radiation by the cloud, so the amount of radiation reaching the earth will be smaller, or vice versa. Lastly, it is the latitude of places. (affects the angle of incidence). Lower latitude areas have larger angle of incidence, resulting in more receipt of energy, but in high latitude areas, the situation will be opposite, the amount of receipt of solar radiation will be less. Because of these reasons, the distribution of heat energy is not balanced in a global basis. Since there is unequal receipt of heat energy in the earth, there are heat transfers between places to overcome this problem. They are vertical heat transfers and horizontal heat transfers. For vertical transfer of heat, they are carried out by long-wave radiation, latent heat transfer and conduction and convection between the earth and the atmosphere. These kinds of process help losing heat to the space, so the earth won’t become warmer and lose its balance. And for horizontal transfer of heat to be carried out, it is because the amount of radiation received by the earth varies greatly along latitudes and between seasons. There are energy surplus in areas between 40 degrees N and 40 degrees S and energy deficit in areas between 40 degrees N/S and 90 degrees N/S. The equatorial regions are constantly gaining more energy than they lose. While the polar regions are losing energy than they gain. As a result of inequality in energy distribution there is horizontal transfer of heat from areas of surplus to areas of deficit at a global scale. The horizontal transfer of heat is carried out through three ways: sensible heat transfer by warm air masses, latent heat transfer in the form of atmospheric moisture and by ocean currents. The way of sensible heat transfer by warm air masses, it is because of the temperature differences of places, it creates pressure difference and produces horizontal temperature gradients. Then, the wind is blown from hi gh pressure areas to low pressure areas, and the sensible heat is brought from low pressure areas which is warm to high pressure areas which is cool. For the second way which is latent heat transfer in the form of atmospheric moisture, winds carry water vapour away from the tropics to the polar regions. The water vapour carries energy in the form of latent heat. When the water vapour condenses, this energy is released as heat and warms the surrounding atmosphere. The last way, the sensible heat is transferred by ocean currents. The ocean transfer significant amount of energy polewards. They carry the warmer water poleward while cold water flows equatorward. These kinds of process help regulate the temperature of different places on the earth. These vertical and horizontal processes of energy transfer maintain a condition of steady state within the global system, they replenish energy losses in areas where outputs exceed inputs (the higher latitudes) and they remove energy from areas where inputs are in excess. In this way, the energy in the earth-atmosphere system will be more balanced.But with the behaviours of the human beings, the atmospheric balance is affected and influenced greatly. Firstly, there is the problem of the corruption of the Ozone layer. Ozone is a layer of air in the stratosphere. It can absorb most of the incoming ultraviolet rays of the insolation, such that the living organisms on the earth surface are protected. But during the recent years, because of the massive development of industrial processes and increase of human living standard, there is large amount release of CRCs (chlorofluorocarbons) which will corrupt the ozone layer. This is a serious threat to all the living organisms on the earth surface. Its presence in the upper atmosphere is very important for life on earth. For example, it will increase the amount of Excessive damaging ultra-violet rays which can cause sunburn, skin cancer, and eye cataracts. Longtime exposure may also damage the human immune system. The corruption of ozone layer in the polar regions is serious because of its shallow layer. And the circulation of air has easily brought the CFCs to the stratosphere at the two poles. And it even creates holes of ozone layer in the polar regions, especially in the Antarctica. According to the Global Environmental Change Report in 2000, the Southern Chile and neighbouring Ushuaia in Argentina are the significantly affected by the Antarctic ozone hole. Ultraviolet radiation levels rose to significant highs after the ozone hole widened to cover the southern tip of South America. Besides that, there is a more serious problem Global Warming which is the gradual increase of the temperature of the earths lower atmosphere as a result of the increase in greenhouse gases. The reason to cause global warming is the burning of fossil fuels like coal that emits carbon dioxide, dust and smoke particles that can trap heat and make the earth warmer. Growth in industry, agriculture, and transportation has produced large quantities of these greenhouse gases which reinforce the blanketing effect. This increase in the quantity of greenhouse gases is trapping more heat and increasing global temperatures. During the past century, atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased from around 280 parts per million (by volume) in 1800 to around 315 in 1958 and 367 in 2000, a 31% increase over 200 years. And the atmospheric temperature has risen 1.1Â °F (0.6Â °C), and sea level has risen several inches. There are also longer-term results of global warming include melting of polar ice, wi th a resulting rise in sea level and coastal flooding; serious changes in agriculture due to climate change; more frequent tropical storms, etc. According to the U.N. Report, it says Africa will be most affected by Global Warming because higher temperatures, heavier rainfall and changes in climate variability would encourage insect carriers of some infectious diseases to multiply and move further afield. To conclude, the problem of corruption of ozone layer and Global warming, which are mainly caused by man-made activities, have greatly imbalanced the atmospheric energy budget and caused harmful effects. If human beings cannot reduce the activities that can harm the atmosphere, such as the burning of fossil fuels and the usage of CFCs, the balance of the earth-atmosphere system will be severely damaged Research Papers on How human beings alter the atmospheric energy budgetPETSTEL analysis of IndiaMind TravelThe Spring and AutumnBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfGenetic EngineeringLifes What IfsAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeHip-Hop is Art

Research methods assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Research methods - Assignment Example sistent health anxiety not only causes great suffering for the patient and those around them but is also costly in terms of higher medical care utilization (Barsky, Ettner, Horsky & Bates, 2001). Hence, it remains a priority to understand the aetiology and maintenance of hypochondriasis and to develop effective treatments. Although DSM-IV-TR (2000) currently classifies hypochondriasis as a somatoform disorder it has been argued that the underlying cognitive processes are more consistent with those in anxiety disorders (Mayou, Kirmayer, Simon, Kroenke, & Sharpe, 2005; Noyes, 1999; Olatunji, 2009; Deacon &Abramowitz, 2009,) and thus it has been conceptualized as such for the purposes of treatment (Paul, Warwick, Deale, 2003; David Clark et al., 1998; Wells, 1997). Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling mental illness that has a particularly negative impact on patients with the disorder. For example, compared to normal people, schizophrenics will often face significant problems with developing social relationships, self-care, and are often unable to hold down a job. As a result, everybody knows that they are usually unemployed, socially isolated, and dependent on the financial support of family or public welfare. It is, therefore, imperative that mental health professionals develop effective treatments to tackle the problem. A number of different treatments have been developed to target the problem of Schizophrenia. These include antipsychotic medications, electroconvulsive therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, family education and therapy, and social skills training (Rosenberg & Kosslyn, 2014). Many Schizophrenics don’t like taking medication, usually because of the many distressing and long term negative side-effects. Cons equently, I would recommend treating Schizophrenia with psychological interventions, rather than medication. An experiment was carried out to examine the impact of drinking alcohol on driving ability. One hundred participants took

A recent report highlights a large rise in gambling in the UK.Discuss Essay

A recent report highlights a large rise in gambling in the UK.Discuss why this has occurred, whether it is a cause for concern,and, if so, what could be done ab - Essay Example progressive and chronic disorder that encompasses an unrelenting failure to resist impulses to gamble and where this maladaptive behavior disrupts, or damages personal, family, or vocational pursuits’’ (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, p. 615). Problem Gambling is â€Å"persistent and recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior that disrupts personal, family or vocational pursuits.† (American Psychiatric Association) â€Å"It avoids the medical and pejorative implications of pathological’’ (Walker & Dickerson, 1996) and the term Problem Gambler’ is used to define someone â€Å"whose gambling is at an earlier stage and to a lesser degree than required by the diagnostic criteria† (Rosenthal, 1989). The third term Compulsive Gambling is more often used by â€Å"laypersons such as Gamblers Anonymous (GA) members†. (Clinical Psychology Review 22 -2002) As this discussion is based on psychology, the main focus would remain on the â€Å"pathological gambling† in order to describe the gambling behaviors. Different forms of gambling are covered by the term PG including casino gambling, pari-mutuels, horse races, lotteries and gaming machines. The pathological gambling has several â€Å"negative impacts on the gamblers’ physical and mental health and performance in vocational situations† (Productivity Commission, 1999). The pathological gamblers often face financial hardships, Interpersonal problems and psychosocial problems in their children. It is also associated with significant problems, including â€Å"suicidal ideation and attempts, marital conflicts, employment problems, alcohol and substance abuse, psychiatric co morbidity and decreased health function†. (Benjamin J. Morasco, Jeremiah Weinstock 2007) During last few decades, there has been a rise in gambling all over the world and in United Kingdom also people are getting addicted of it. Though there are not any specific reasons that convince people to start gambling but there are several factors that

Compare and Contrast Liberalism and Socialism Essay

Compare and Contrast Liberalism and Socialism - Essay Example Liberalism on the other hand is a philosophy which is linked or associated with ideas like the individual liberty and equality. Liberalism started in the 17th century though some argue that it has roots much earlier than that. Marcus Aurelius, the emperor of Rome recognized a government which gave freedom of speech and equal rights to all its citizens (Antoninus 3).  It is often difficult to define liberalism because of its diversity and different forms (Young 24) but liberalism has attracted both, support and criticism from people with various thoughts and ideologies. In Northern America, liberalism  most nearly refers to  social liberalism  in contemporary politics. The  Liberal Party  is pointed to be a modern-liberal party (Puddington 142).  Liberalism in The United States of America  traces its history when Franklin Roosevelt was the president of the country. The  New Deal   initiated by Franklin Roosevelt influenced many American presidents in the future inc luding John F. Kennedy. Kennedy was a liberal himself and he said, "a liberal is someone who looks ahead and not behind, someone who welcomes new ideas without rigid reactions and someone who cares about the welfare of the people" (Alterman 32). When Barack Obama won the presidential elections in the year 2008, the economic ties led to the re establishment of social liberalism (Wolfe xiv) In the late 20th century, the â€Å"post industrial economy† created doubts among many about socialism which was in response to the industrial capitalism. During this era, information technology was given a higher bar than labor and material. Because of the doubt, many politicians adopted a â€Å"third way† which would preserve socialism and prevent the class based politics. Politicians who worked towards the promotion of socialism and hence the development of industrial growth includes Tony Blair, Bill Clinton and Wim Kok. (Ball & Dagger). The foremost principle of liberalism is indi vidual freedom. This freedom must be exercised in all phases of life as well as under all political and economic conditions. Socialism on the other hand presses upon an individual’s sociability. It minimizes competition and increases cooperation. Some socialists claim that when humans exploit other humans, the reason for poverty emerges through selfish motives and self interests. Thus, socialism is extremely important for the existence of markets and institutions as it promotes change. With respect to socialism, the role of the government is to make sure that the wealth is being fairly distributed among the masses. Socialism’s most important principle will only be achieved when all the workers of a state will have the same opportunity for economic equality. The relationship between socialism and liberalism is not certain. Socialism began in the 19th century with some strong ideologies and by the writings of Marx. Like liberalism, socialism also broke into many movement s after it was found (Grigsby 119).  Karl Marx did not accept the fundamental aspects of liberalism and also hoped to erase the differences between an individual and the society (Koerner 9). The allocation of resources used towards the making of useful products is socialism. The commodities or

Digestive System of a Pig

Digestive System of a Pig Learning objectives: After you have studied this chapter, you should: Get a fundamental understanding of the porcine digestive tract Describe the essential digestive processes Understand the role of the digestive organs in digestion and absorption 1. Introduction (HNL/MSH) 2. Anatomy of the digestive system (HNL) The anatomy the porcine digestive tract has been described and illustrated in detail by others (e.g. Sisson, 1975, Moran, 1982)[1] and will only be briefly described in the current chapter. The digestive system of the pig is fundamentally similar to all other monogastric mammals, but the evolutionary development in size and digestive capacity reflects greatly the habitual diet. Pigs are true omnivores but with a large fraction of the diet coming from plant material. As such they have a great capacity to digest enzyme degradable carbohydrates in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract, and a well-developed ecosystem in the large intestine to partly ferment and utilize fibrous material. 2.1 Mouth and salivary glands The pig is born with 8 deciduous teeth increasing to 32 with age. The complete set of permanent teeth consists of 44 teeth with 3 pairs of incisors, 1 pair of canines, 4 pair of premolars, and 3 pair of molars, which are usually not fully acquired until 18 months of age[2]. The oral cavity is lined with a simple stratified squamous epithelium, and saliva is mainly secreted from 3 large glands; the parotid glands, the mandibular glands, and the sublingual glands. Major ducts from the parotid and mandibular glands transport saliva to the oral cavity, while the sublingual glands have multiple openings beneath the tongue. In addition, a number of small glands with a number of excretory ducts are present in the mouth.[3] After leaving the mouth, food enters the pharynx and oesophagus. The pharynx is long and narrow. The esophagus is short and covered with stratified squamous epithelium. Beneath the epithelium, a number of submucosal glands are located. Their function is to secrete mucin a nd bicarbonate, to neutralize luminal acid and protect the epithelium[4]. 2.2 The stomach The stomach of the pigs consists of a simple compartment that is divided into 4 functionally and structurally different regions. The pars oesophagea is a non-glandular extension of the esophagus into the proper stomach. Ulceration ulcerous autodigestion of the cutaneous mucosa of the pars esophagea is a common phenomenon in swine production and develops from a complex interaction of dietary particle size, gastric fluidity, dietary carbohydrate content, presence of gastric organisms, and environmental stress factors. Next to the pars oesophagea is the glandular cardia, which in contrast to most other species is very large and occupies approximately one third of the stomach luminal surface. The fundic, or proper gastric, region is located between the cardiac and pyloric region. All three contain secretory glands located in so-called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"gastric pits. Structurally, they are similar, but they contain different cell types. The major surface of the stomach and lining of the pits are covered with surface mucous cells, that produce thick, tenacious mucus to protect the epithelium against injure from acid and grinding activity. The gastric pits of the fundic mucosa contain HCl-producing parietal cells that are clustered in the neck of the gland. Distributed between these cells are mucous neck cells that produce thin mucus and proteases. As the only cells of the stomach lining, mucous neck cells divide and migrate either down into the gland or up into the pits and differentiate into any of the mature cell types. Pepsinogen-producing chief cells are located at the base of the fundic glands. In addition, the fundic mucosa also contain endocrine/paracrine somatostatin producing D cells, seretonin producing EC cells, and histamine producing histamine-immunoreactive cells and mast cells (lamina propria) The cardiac glands have mucous cells that produce mucus, proteases and gastric lipase. The pyloric glands contain gastrin producing G-cells and somatostatin producing D-cells, but the dominating cells are the mucous cells. They do contain mucous neck cells that produce mucus and proteases and zymogen producing chief cells but have no parietal cells. [5] 2.2.1 Size and capacity of the stomach In suckling pigs the pars esophagea, cardic, fundic and pyloric regions represents about 6, 30, 44 and 20 % of the total mucosal area, respectively, while on weight basis the cardia represents only 20 % but the fundic region 56 % of total mucosa weight. The weight of the stomach represents 0.5-0.8 % of body weight in suckling pigs and between 1-1.3 % in growing pigs. In adult pigs the stomach accounts for approximately 0.6 % of total body weight. The capacity range from 0.03 l in the new born to approximately 3.5 l in slaughter pigs, and 5 l in adults, while under pressure the capacity under increases to 8 and 12 l for slaughter and adult pigs, respectively. A number of studies have shown that the bulk of the diet can influence the subsequent capacity of the stomach. [6] 2.3 The pancreas[7] The pancreas is located in proximal duodenum. The body of the pancreas separates in the two lobes with the center surrounding the portal vein. A single pancreatic duct leaves the right lobe and enters the duodenum on a minor palpilla 12-20 cm distal to and separate from the bile duct entry, 20-25 cm from the pylorus.[8] The pancreas is a mixed endocrine and exocrine organ. The exocrine pancreas consists of the acinar cells and the duct system, representing more than 95 % of the pancreas fresh weight. The acinar cells produce and store pancreatic enzymes and inactive zymogens, and when stimulated release them into the duct system for transport to the duodenum. Water, bicarbonate and other electrolytes of pancreatic juice are produced in centroacinar cells and cells of the intercalary and intralobular ducts. The endocrine part of the pancreas is restricted to the islets of Langerhans. The islet are distributed throughout the acinar exocrine tissue and contain glucagon producing, alpha cells (15-20% of total islet cells), insulin and amylin producing beta cells (65-80%) , somatostatin producing delta cells(3-10%), pancreatic polypeptide producing PP cells (3-5%), and possibly also ghrelin producing epsilon cells ( 2.4 The liver and gallbladder The porcine liver is divided into 4 principal lobes along with a small quadrate lobe and a caudate process. The lobes, which are the functional units, are surrounded by fine connective tissue. The lobules consist of plates of hepatocytes interdigitated with hepatic sinoids, arranged radially around a central vein. Kupffer cells, which are specialized macrophages, along with endothelial cell line portions of the hepatic sinoids form part of the reticuloendothelial system. Located in the peripheral interlobular connective tissue is the portal triad; the hepatic portal vein, a hepatic artery and an interlobular bile duct, but additionally also lymphatic vessels[10]. Afferent blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery flows centrally in the hepatic siniods. Bile produced by the hepatocytes drains into bile canaliculi formed by hepatocytes and then through ducts of Hering to the interlobular bile ducts in the portal triad. The interlobular bile ducts merge into larger intrahepatic duct s, which become the extrahepatic biliary system. This includes the hepatic bile duct, which divides into a cystic duct connected to the gallbladder, and a common bile duct connecting to the duodenum. The bile duct enters the duodenum on a major palpilla located 2-5 cm from the stomach pylorus. 2.5 The small intestine The small intestine comprise of the duodenum (4-4.5%), jejunum (88-91 %) and ileum (4-5 %). The proportion of duodenum in the neonate is similar to that of the adult, whereas differentiation between jejunum and ileum is not clear. Although there are distinctive morphological feature, the duodenum, jejunum and ileum share a lot of common features. The small intestine consist of 4 major layers; The serosa, the muscularis, the submucosa and the mucosa. The serosa is the outermost layer of the intestinal wall. It has a squamous epithelium forming the mesentery that contains connective tissue, large blood vessels and nerves. The muscular layer contains two types of muscle fibres; an outer layer of longitudal muscles and an inner layer of circular muscles, that are involved in gastrointestinal motility. The submucosa is a layer of connective tissue holding together the large blood and lymphatic vessels and neural complexes. The mucosa consists of 3 sublayers; the muscularis mucosa, the lamina propria and the epithelium. The muscularis mucosa consists of a longitudinal inner muscle and an outer muscle encircling the intestine and produce transient intestinal folds. The lamina propria consists of blood vessels, free lymphocytes and lymph nodes called Peyers patches, and neurons held together by connective tissue. It supports the stru cture and nourishes the epithelial layer. The epithelial layer consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. They cover the whole luminal surface of the intestine, which is severely folded by the formation of fingerlike projections called villi, and at the base of these Crypts of Lieberkuhn, that are moat-like invaginations. There are 3 types of epithelial cells on the villus surface: absorptive cells, goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells[11]. They all originate from stem cells located near the base of the crypts. The entocytes migrate from the base to the tip of the villi and during migration, the enterocytes maturate. The digestive function (enzyme activity) begins as the enterocytes migrates over the basal third of the villi. The absorptive function starts to develop as they reach the upper to midlevel and continues to increase until they reach the top of the villi, where they are shed into the lumen. Hence, enterocytes at the surface of the villi are continuously renewed. Goblet cells are secreting viscous mucus, and are interspersed among the enterocytes. Goblet cells increase in number from the proximal jejunum to the distal ileum. The formation of villi increases the mucosal surface by 10-14 fold compared to a flat surface of equal size. Furthermore, the cell-surface of the enterocytes facing the lumen has an apical membrane forming microvilli (brush-border) that further enhances absorptive surface 14-40 fold. The microvilli have important digestive enzymes and other proteins attached. They extent into a jelly-like layer of glycoprotein known as the glycocalyx that covers the apical membrane. The remaining part of the enterocyte plasma membrane is called the basolateral membrane, referring to the base and side of the cell. The length of villi increases from the duodenum to the mid-jejunum and then decreases again towards the terminal ileum. This reflects the various functions of the different segments of the small intestine. Crypts also vary in size and composition along the intestine. They are deepest in the proximal small intestine (duodenum and jejunum) and shorter distally in the ileum. Paneth cells are located at adjacent to stem cells at the base of the crypts[12]. Their exact function is unknown but due to the presence of lysozymes and defensins they most likely contribute to maintenance of the gastrointestinal barrier. While the duodenum is the site where digesta leaving the stomach is mixed with secretions from the intestine, liver and pancreas, the jejunum is the main site of absorption. Brunner glands, which are located in the submucosa on the part above the sphincter of Oddi[13], produce bicarbonate containing alkaline secretion, which protect the duodenum from the acidic content of chyme, provide an alkaline condition for the intestinal enzymes and lubricate the intestinal walls. 2.5.1 Size and capacity of the small intestine At birth the small intestine is about 2 m long and has a capacity of 72 ml. At weaning it has more than tripled its length (6.6 m) and has a 9-fold as high capacity (660 ml). The small intestine of fully grown pigs is 16-21 m, weighs 2-2.5 kg and has a capacity of about 20 l. While the small intestine accounts for approximately 4-5 % during the suckling period, it decreases to 1.5 % when reaching slaughter weight. 2.6 The large intestine The pig has a relatively short caecum and a long colon, consisting of an ascending, transverse and descending colon.[14] The caecum is a cylindrical blind sac located at the proximal end of the colon. The cecum, the ascending and transverse colon and the proximal portion of the descending colon are arranged in a series of centrifugal and centripetal coils known as the spiral colon. The caecum and proximal part of the spiral colon has longitudinal muscular bands resulting in a series pouches (haustra)[15]. The rectum is embedded in fat and is dilated to form ampulla recti just before ending at the anus. The mucosa of the large intestine has no villi, but columnar epithelial cells with microvilli formed into straight tubular crypts. Numerous goblet cells secreting sulphated carbohydrate-protein complex intersperse the columnar cells to lubricate the colon. The rectum has a simple structure with columnar cells and only few goblet cells. 2.6.1 Size and capacity of the large intestine During the suckling period the large intestine is small; From a weight of 10 g and a length of 0.8 m and with a capacity of 40 ml at birth to 36 g, 1.2 m and a capacity of 100 ml at 20 d of age. This corresponds approximately to 1.2 % of body weight. After weaning and during the growing period it grows dramatically (2-2.5 % of body weight) and increases its weight to 1.3 kg and length to 5 m at 100 kg with a capacity of approximately 10 l. Adult pigs have a large intestine weighing about 2.8 kg, a length of 7.5 m and a capacity of 25 l. 3. Function of the digestive organs 3.1 Salivary secretion (HNL) Saliva contains a mixture of water (99 %), inorganic salts, mucins, a-amylase. In addition, to serve some protection against diseases, it also contains lysozyme, which breaks down the polysaccharide walls of many kinds of bacteria and immunoglobulin A, which play a critical role in mucosal immunity. Saliva moistens the food, lubricates the esophagus, and initiates the digestion of starch. However, the activity of salivary a-amylase is low, and although secreted in the oral cavity, starch digestion is not believed to be of quantitative importance here, as the time spent in the mouth is too short. Some digestion may on the other hand take place in the proximal part of the stomach prior to acidification with gastric juice. [16] The volume and duration of salivary secretion varies in response to external cognitive or sensory stimuli (cephalic stimulation) and physical and/or chemical stimulation in the mouth. Volume and total activity increases with increased feeding level. However as th e ratio of total salivary amylase to total pancreatic amylase is only about 1:250,000 in the postprandial phase[17] (0-5 h after feeding), salivary a-amylase may be considered insignificant from a quantitative point of view. 3.2 Gastric secretion (MSH) Gastric juice is a clear and slightly viscous fluid. The major constituents in gastric juice are shown in Table 1. Triglyceride digestion HCl is secreted by the parietal cells. However, HCl is not produced within the parietal cell because it would destroy the cell. Both H+ and Cl- are independently transported from the parietal cell into the stomach lumen. Hydrogen ions are generated from the dissociation of carbonic acid that is produced by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase acting upon CO2 and H2O. H+ is then transported to the stomach lumen though a proton pump (H+/K+-ATPase). As hydrogen ions are secreted bicarbonate anions accumulate in the cell. To counterbalance this accumulation HCO3- is exchanged for Cl- at the basolateral membrane. The K+ cations that accumulate within the cells are released back into the lumen in combination with Cl- anions. HCl plays two important roles in gastric juice. Firstly, it facilitates the protein digestion. HCl denaturates dietary protein, which results in exposure of peptide bonds to proteolytic enzymes. In addition, HCl activates pepsinogen to pepsin and provides a medium of low pH that ensures the optimal activity of the enzyme. Secondly, the low pH provides a non-specific defence mechanism because it inhibits microorganisms from proliferating in the gastric lumen and cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract. Four types of proteases have been found in the gastric juice of pigs (Table 1). They are all secreted as inactive zymogens (proenzymes that are activated in the lumen) to avoid self-digestion of the cells. The zymogens are activated in the lumen at an acidic pH below 5 or by active pepsin A. Pepsin A is the predominant gastric protease in adult pigs followed by gastricsin. They have strong proteolytic activity at pH 2-3. Pepsin digests approximately 10-15% of dietary protein before it is inactivated in the small intestine[18]. In suckling piglets, chymosin is the predominant protease. It has potent milk clotting activity at pH around 6. Milk clotting is important in suckling animals: it prolongs the passage time of milk along the gastrointestinal tract and enables the thorough digestion and absorption of milk nutrients. Apart from pepsinogen, the chief cells of the cardiac region of the pig stomach also secrete minor amounts of gastric lipase. This enzyme hydrolyses medium- and long-chain triglycerides and plays a role in the hydrolysis of triglycerides in the stomach of the young pig. A layer of protecting mucus covers the mucosal surface of the stomach. This layer protects the stomach epithelium from the acid conditions and grinding activity present in the lumen. Mucin secreted by the mucous neck cells of the gastric glands constitutes a major component of the viscous mucus layer. 3.2.1 Regulation of gastric secretion Gastric acid secretion is regulated by gastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine that stimulates while somatostatin inhibits acid secretion. Gastrin is produced by G cells in the antral mucosa. The production and release of gastrin is stimulated by food compounds mainly small peptides and amino acids and by nervous reflexes activated by gastric distension when food enters the stomach. Gastrin is secreted into the blood stream and acts on the parietal cells via a G receptor. Histamine is an amplifying substance in acid secretion. Histamine is produced by local mast cells and enterochromaffin-like cells and acts on parietal cells in a paracrine fashion. Acetylcholine is a neural transmitter produced by cholinergic neuraon. Acetylcholine is released as response to activation of stretch receptors[19]. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is most efficient when all three regulators are present. Gastric acid secretion is controlled by a feed back mechanism. When pH is 3 or below[20] acid secretion diminishes and gastrin release is blocked. The acidity prevents amines from diffusing into G cells and activate hormone secretion. Fur thermore, acid in the lumen causes D cells to release somatostatin. Somatostatin inhibits the parietal cells from secreting acid and G cells from releasing gastrin. The regulatory mechanisms that control pepsinogen secretion are much less researched but it is generally believed that the pepsinogen secretion is under same regulatory influences as acid secretion. The gastric secretory activity can be divided into three phases: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal. The anticipation of food stimulates gastric acid secretion. This is controlled by the central nervous system and is called the cephalic phase. The cephalic phase lasts for minutes and prepares the stomach for the entry of food. The gastric phase begins when food enters the stomach. It lasts for hours and accounts for two thirds of the gastric secretions. During the gastric phase acid and pepsinogen secretion is increased. When digesta enters the duodenum the intestinal phase initiates. This phase functions to decrease gastric motility and to reduce the secretion of gastric acid and pepsinogen. The intestinal phase lasts for hours. 3.3 Pancreatic exocrine secretion (MSH) The primary function of the exocrine pancreas is 1) to provide digestive enzymes for the digestion of the major nutrients and 2) to neutralize the acidic chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach to allow the pancreatic enzymes to function. The pancreatic juice is a clear, colourless liquid that contains salts, bicarbonate, and enzymes. The acini, the functional part of the exocrine pancreas, are composed of acinar cells, that synthesize and secrete the digestive enzymes and ductal cells where fluids and electrolytes originate from. The main regulatory pathways that control exocrine pancreatic secretion are the hormones secretin and cholesystokinin (CCK) and nervous stimulation. Acinar, centroacinar, and duct cells have receptors for secretin, CCK, and acetylcholine. When these binding sites are occupied the cells are stimulated to secrete, however, maximal secretion is observed when all receptors are occupied. Secretin is secreted by the endocrine S cells in the mucosa of the proximal small intestine. Secretin is released in response to acid or fatty acids in the duodenal lumen and it stimulates release of bicarbonate by pancreatic duct cells. CCK is released into the blood stream in response to the presence of animo acids, peptides, and fatty acids in the duodenal lumen. CCK is secreted by I cells in the proximal small intestine and it stimulates the secretion of digestive enzymes by the acinar cells. Acetylcholine, released by nerve endings near the pancreatic cells, stimulates secretion. The neurons are stimulated to release acetylcholine by impulses from the enteric nerve system or through the vagus nerve. The sight and smell of food induces vagal respo nses leading to pancreatic secretion[21]. This is the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion analogous to the cephalic phase of gastric secretion described previously. Distension of the stomach also causes a vagovagal reflex stimulating pancreatic secretion, which is the gastric phase of pancreatic secretion. When digesta enters the duodenum it evokes a large increase in the rate of pancreatic secretion and the intestinal phase involves both endocrine as well as neuronal stimuli. The distention of the duodenum produces enteric nerve impulses that lead to the release of acetylcholine. The endocrine (hormonal) part of the intestinal phase occurs in response to the chemical stimulation, digestion products of protein and fat stimulates the release of CCK and the low pH of the digesta stimulates the release of secretin. The exocrine pancreatic secretion is controlled by a feed back mechanism. Diversion of pancreatic juice from the duodenum increases pancreatic secretion. It has been suggested that trypsin is the main component in this feed back regulation as reintroduction of pancreatic juice or infusion of trypsin but not amylase into the duodenum markedly decreased pancreatic secretion. Furthermore ingestion of raw soybeans containing trypsin inhibitor increases pancreatic secretion. There is strong evidence that this feed back regulation is linked with the release of CCK. Enterostatin, a pentapeptide released from procolipase when it is activated by trypsin in the duodenal lumen, may play a role in the feed back mechanism as well. Intraduodenal infusion of enterostatin hs been shown to inhibit pancreatic enzyme secretion. 3.3.1 a-amylase Pancreatic ÃŽÂ ±-amylase hydrolyses starch (from plant sources) and glycogen (from animal sources). Starch is composed of amylose, a linear polymer of glucose that is linked by ÃŽÂ ±-1,4 glycosidic bonds and amylopectin, a branched polymer of glucose, that contains both ÃŽÂ ±-1,4 glycosidic bonds and ÃŽÂ ±-1,6 glycosidic bonds. ÃŽÂ ±-amylase cleaves the interior ÃŽÂ ±-1,4 glycosidic bonds of starch. During the lifetime of the enzyme-substrate complex amylase hydrolyzes starch by multiple attacks through cleavage of several bonds. The major products of starch hydrolysis are maltose, isomaltose, maltotriose, sugars composed of two or three glucose units, and ÃŽÂ ±-limit dextrins, polysaccharides of 5 to 10 glucose residues containing both ÃŽÂ ±-1,4 and ÃŽÂ ±-1,6 glycosidic bonds. 3.3.2 Lipases Pancreatic juice contains three lipolytic enzymes: lipase, phospholipase A2, and carboxyl ester hydrolase, and a protein cofactor, colipase. Lipase is secreted as a fully active enzyme and is the most important enzyme in the digestion of fat. Lipase hydrolyses triglycerides the most abundant lipid in the diet and the products are free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Lipase is strongly inhibited by bile salts in the duodenum and the protein cofactor colipase is the only agent known to counteract this inhibition. Colipase is secreted as a zymogen, procolipase, which requires cleavage by trypsin to become active. Phospholipase A2 splits fatty acids from phospholipids. It is secreted as an inactive zymogen that requires activation by trypsin. Carboxyl ester hydrolase, also known as carboxyl ester lipase and cholesterol ester hydrolase, has an unusually broad substrate specificity, it hydrolyses mono-, di-, and triglycerides, cholesterol and retinol esters and lysophosphatidylglycerols. H owever, the main physiological function probably is to hydrolyse retinol and cholesterol esters. 3.3.3 proteases The major proteolytic enzymes secreted by the exocrine pancreas are listed in Table 1. All proteolytic enzymes are secreted as inactive zymogens to protect the gland from autodigestion. The activation of the proteolytic enzymes is initiated by the activation of trypsin by enterokinase, an intestinal brush-border enzyme. Trypsin then activates all other zymogens as well as trypsinogen. Trypsin is an endopeptidase meaning that it breaks proteins at internal points along the amino acid chain, it specifically cleaves peptide bonds on the carboxyl side of basic amino acids (lysine and arginine). The catalytic activity of chymotrypsin is directed towards peptide bonds involving the carboxyl groups of tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine and leucine. Elastase cleaves on the carboxyl side of aliphatic amino acids (alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, and glycine). The carboxypeptidases are zinc-containing metalloenzymes. They are exopeptidases meaning that they remove a single amino acid from the carboxyl-terminal end of proteins and peptides. 3.3.4 Pancreatic secretion and dietary composition The enzymatic composition of the pancreatic juice has been shown to be dependent on the dietary composition. 3.4 Bile secretion (HNL) The bile has pH of 7.4-7.9 and contains bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol (summing up to a total lipid content of 0.6-0.7 %), sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, mucus and bile pigments, of which the latter are endogenous waste products. Bilirubin is a major end product of red blood cell turnover produced by Kupffer cells and transported to hepatocytes for conjugation. The conjugated bilirubin is secreted in the bile responsible for its green/yellow colour. In the intestine conjugated bilirubin is converted by the microflora to urobilinogen, then to urobilin and stercobilin[22] and finally excreted by defaecation, giving faeces its characteristic brown colour. Some urobilinogen is reabsorbed and excreted by the kidney as urobilin, which is responsible for the yellow colour of urine. Both bile acids and phospholipids play an important role in digestive function, and the molar ratio of total phospholipid to total bile salts is 1:10.1[23]. Bile salts are conjugated bile acids, and their function is to aid emulsification and absorption of lipids. The bile acids in porcine bile are mainly conjugated with glycine but also some taurine (6.5 %). Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), found in the form of 31.3 molar % glyco-CDCA and 3% taurine-CDCA is de novo synthesized from cholesterol by the hepatocytes. Hyocholic acid (HCA) in the form of 12.6 % glyco-HCA is produced by hydroxylation of CDCA. Reduction of HCA by the microflora of the intestine leads to formation of hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), which in bile is found as 48.2 % glyco-HDCA and 3.5 % tauro-HDCA . In contrast to humans, pig bile contains very little cholic acid(CA), found as glyco-CA (1.3 %). When excreted to the intestine conjugated bile acids are deconjugated and converted by the microflora in the distal small in testine. A majority of the bile acids are reabsorbed in the distal small intestine and transported to the liver via the portal vein. Along with de novo synthesized bile acids they are reconjugated and again excreted in bile. This phenomenon is termed entero-hepatic circulation, and is a mechanism to cope with the demand of bile acids, which by far exceeds the capacity for production. The phospholipids of porcine bile is entirely in the form of phosphatidyl choline, dominated by the 16:0-18:2 diacyl forms (59.6 %), followed by 16:0-18:1 (18.4 %) and 18:0-18:2 (15.9 %). [24] The bile secretion from the hepatocytes is constant, but bile is only released to the intestine, when needed for lipid digestion. Hence, when little or no food is present in the duodenum, the Sphincter of Oddi is closed and bile is diverted from the bile duct to the gall bladder, where the bile is concentrated. When food, particularly fat-rich food, enters the duodenum, the Spincter of Oddi is relaxed and the gall bladder contracts by a combination of neural and hormonal factors. Gut endocrine cells are stimulated to release CCK, while neurale receptors located at the Spincter of Oddi in conjuction with the intramural plexus coordinates the bile duct and bladder peristalsis. In bile duct cannulated pigs, where the Sphincter of Oddi is not controlling bile flow, the total bile flow over 24 hours has previously been measured to be 38 and 46 ml/kg in 60 and 45 kg pigs, respectively. Using re-entrant cannulation of the bile duct, which allow gallbladder storage of bile and regulation of flow by the Sphincter of Oddi, it was found that a traditional European pig diet induced a bile 24-h bile flow of 48 ml/kg, while a semi-synthetic diet based on starch, sucrose, casein, maize oil and cellulose led to a flow of 30 ml/kg. Measurement of bile flow by cannulation of the common bile duct and re-entrant cannulation of the proximal duodenum to reintroduce bile at the same rate of excretion resulted in flows of 35 ml/kg for 43 kg pigs fed a wheat-fish meal-casein diet and 59 ml/kg when a similar diet was supplemented with 40 % wheat bran. Hence, the bile flow is influence by the diet. Increasing fat content of the diet from 2 to 10 % induce a dramatic increase in bil e acid secretion along with a moderate increase in phospholipid and cholesterol output. A further increase in fat content to 20 % of the diet does not lead to further increase in bile acid flow, while phospholipid and cholesterol output continue to increase. Lipid composition also influences the bile output. While degree of saturation does not appear to influence the rate of bile acid and phospholipid secretion, the secretion of cholesterol is increased.[25] 3.5 Small intestinal digestion and absorption (MSH) 3.5.1 Digestion of carbohydrates The luminal phase of carbohydrate digestion applies only to starches and the enzyme involved is ÃŽÂ ±-amylase secreted from the pancreas. Starch hydrolysis products (maltose, isomaltose, maltotriose, and ÃŽÂ ±-limit dextrins) and dietary disaccharides (sucrose and lactose) are digested in the membranous phase by digestive enzymes that are a structural part of the intestinal surface membrane. Four different oligo

Custom Essays: Fortinbras and the Good Life -- GCSE Coursework Shakesp

Fortinbras and the Good Life  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Hamlet lives only part of the good life. He dies. Laertes lives only part of the good life. He dies. Fortinbras lives the good life. He becomes the king. The ultimate fates of these three characters describe how close each of them come to the good life. Hamlet and Laertes are at the edge of two extremes, while Fortinbras is somewhere in between. In a sense, not living the good life causes the demise of both Hamlet and Laertes, physically as well as mentally. In contrast, living the good life allows Fortinbras to become the king of Denmark and live out the rest of his life in peace. These three characters play out three very different aspects the good life; only Fortinbras lives the good life. The good life is one of overcoming obstacles, being true to oneself, and combining reason with emotion. The ability to deal with extreme losses--and even losses that are not so extreme--is a necessary part of anyone's life. Life is never perfect; all humans must deal with that state of imperfection. Hamlet is totally incapable of dealing with the death of his father, a major setback in his life. His state of mourning, at the beginning of the play, is not intrinsically terrible, as all humans must mourn the deaths of loved ones at some point in time. However, when Hamlet takes this mourning to extreme depression, saying of his father, "'A was a man, take him for all and all, / I shall not look upon his like again" (1.2, 187-188), he is implicitly telling the audience that it is beyond his capacity to cope with his father's death. In this admission, he is denying the first component of the good life: working through the difficult times in life. In his efforts to make his coping easier, and fo... ...onstructs of society. Anything else would be uncivilized. Works Cited Erlich, Avi. 1977. Hamlet's Absent Father. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Fineman, Joel. 1980. 'Fratricide and Cuckoldry: Shakespeare's Doubles.' In Representing Shakespeare: New Psychoanalytic Essays, edited by Coppelia Kahn and Murray M. Schwarz. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins Press, 70-109. Fleissner, Robert. 1982. ' "Sullied" Or "Solid": Hamlet's Flesh Once More.' Hamlet Studies 4:92-3. Fowler, Alastair. 1987. 'The Plays Within the Play of Hamlet.' In 'Fanned and Winnowed Opinions': Shakespearean Essays Presented to Harold Jenkins, edited by John W. Mahon and Thomas A. Pendleton. London and New York: Methuen. Freud, Sigmund. 1953-74. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works. 24 vols, trans. James Stachey. London: Hogarth.      

Social Commentary

English 1101 Social Commentary Essay The automobile has had a tremendous impact on society and the environment since its development in the beginning of the 20th century. Today, there are over 500 million motor vehicles on the earth. People enjoy their privacy and the convenience of an automobile. There are no schedules to keep track of. A person can come and go from a destination at their own free will. They also have the ability to travel and see scenery that people are limited to on public transportation.The automobile's efficiency, style, and performance have changed over the years, but there is one thing that has not change that they are reliable. Americans love owning cars and driving cars because they don’t have to wait for buses, and trains. In today’s society there are many ways to get around but a car is more reliable than riding public transportation or walking. Public transportation have set times that they are available also, they are not reliable.I use to ride public transportation and it made me late several times for different appointments and jobs, and I have lost jobs due to riding the bus. Cars are reliable because you don’t have to wait for the car to come get you. Americans love owning cars in the winter, so they don’t have to wait in the cold for the bus or the train. When a train or bus breaks down it takes several hours for them to be repaired. When a car breaks down you can rent another car until your car gets repaired, this is a benefit to owning a car.

Free Essays on Seperation Of State And Religion

Separation of church and state is a very sensitive topic in today’s society. Most people see the phrase â€Å"separation of church and state† and think it is concrete, constitutional, proof that nothing religious should set foot in anything relating to government. The intent of this paper is to present an alternate view of separation between church and state. Through exploring this controversial issue, this paper will touch on the history of separation of church and state, the principles of separation of church and state, and the elementary solution to church and state relations. Today’s Laws Concerning Separation of Church and State Today’s laws concerning church and state relations are very strict. The laws today treat religious morals as if they are harmful, and are going to severely detract from whatever they come in contact with. The notion that religion should be excluded from almost all facets of government related an issue is a very new thought. Th e very first Supreme Court case taking any form of religion out of schools, (and therefore government,) was in 1962. In the Engel v. Vital Supreme Court case, prayer was taken out of schools. A year after this case, Bible reading was taken out of schools in the Murray v Curlett Supreme Court case. Seventeen years later, in 1980, the Ten Commandments were taken out of schools in the Stone v Graham Supreme Court case. (Hall, â€Å"United States Supreme Court Decisions†) I have mentioned these court cases to show how recent this â€Å"new† view of separation of church and state re is. This new view of separation of church and state is called pluralism. The definition of pluralism is: law being decided by the majority or by the ruling group or individual apart from an objective morals. Today’s view is that the government should be tot neutral, and have no religious or moral prejudices when making laws. (Coyle, â€Å"Separation of Church and State†) Founding F athers View of Separation o... Free Essays on Seperation Of State And Religion Free Essays on Seperation Of State And Religion Separation of church and state is a very sensitive topic in today’s society. Most people see the phrase â€Å"separation of church and state† and think it is concrete, constitutional, proof that nothing religious should set foot in anything relating to government. The intent of this paper is to present an alternate view of separation between church and state. Through exploring this controversial issue, this paper will touch on the history of separation of church and state, the principles of separation of church and state, and the elementary solution to church and state relations. Today’s Laws Concerning Separation of Church and State Today’s laws concerning church and state relations are very strict. The laws today treat religious morals as if they are harmful, and are going to severely detract from whatever they come in contact with. The notion that religion should be excluded from almost all facets of government related an issue is a very new thought. Th e very first Supreme Court case taking any form of religion out of schools, (and therefore government,) was in 1962. In the Engel v. Vital Supreme Court case, prayer was taken out of schools. A year after this case, Bible reading was taken out of schools in the Murray v Curlett Supreme Court case. Seventeen years later, in 1980, the Ten Commandments were taken out of schools in the Stone v Graham Supreme Court case. (Hall, â€Å"United States Supreme Court Decisions†) I have mentioned these court cases to show how recent this â€Å"new† view of separation of church and state re is. This new view of separation of church and state is called pluralism. The definition of pluralism is: law being decided by the majority or by the ruling group or individual apart from an objective morals. Today’s view is that the government should be tot neutral, and have no religious or moral prejudices when making laws. (Coyle, â€Å"Separation of Church and State†) Founding F athers View of Separation o...

Free Essays on Hospital Hospitalities

Hà ´pital Hospitalities "AAAAAAAAAOOOOOOOOOOCH!". "Voir a fait thaaat hurrt ?" Beseeched Imbà ©cile d'Infirmià ¨re dans son accent britannique poli. Les signes de rà ©volte à ©taient simplement à ©vidents sur le troisià ¨me plancher(à ©tage) de ce domicile "la respiration de sel de pin". Ces cris perà §ants horrifiants ont à ©tà © faits par moi, depuis, je m'à ©tais posà © en cette place en face de celui de ciel. J'ai eu horreur rester Detroit Riverview l'Hà ´pital parce qu'ils ont servi l'alimentation horrible, leur personnel m'a traità © avec la cruautà © absolue et la nà ©gligence et les rà ¨gles(autorità ©s) et les rà ¨glements qui ont à ©tà © à ©tablis, à ©taient absolument absurde. L'alimentation d'hà ´pital à ©tait sans aucun doute horrible. Un de leurs plats principaux à ©tait les bandes de boeuf grillà ©es qui, probablement, pourraient avoir à ©tà © faites dans des vestes en cuir. De plus, si leurs hamburgers avaient dà ©sormais la graisse compilà ©e dans eux, ils auraient pu en rà ©alità © alimenter Rosanne Barr. Une question auquel on a souvent demandà ©, à ©tait si la dinde dà ©borde à ©tait la dinde, ou dà ©border. En fait, quelque chose de l'alimentation a semblà © , apparemment, à ªtre de-guerre-stratà ©gique. Autrement dit, la graisse de la tarte d'asperge à ©tait assez pour noyer un individu. Malheureusement, leur chariot de Mandrin cà ©là ¨bre à ©tait upchuck et, le croire ou pas, à ©tait le deuxià ¨me article qui avait le potentiel pour tuer le Surhomme. En outre, si leurs toasts franà §ais ont ressemblà © dà ©sormais la styro-mousse, ils seraient employà ©s dans l'emballage. Une autre raison pourquoi j'ai mà ©prisà © cet hà ´pital à ©tait tant parce que le personnel m'a traità © avec une cruautà © si incroyable et la nà ©gligence. Par exemple, les infirmià ¨res avaient une habitude dà ©sagrà ©able de me laisser(me quitter) inconscient de quand l'aiguille torturante - la poussà ©e de la cà ©rà ©monie devait avoir lieu. d'autres temps, le prà ©posà © nà ©gligent qui pre... Free Essays on Hospital Hospitalities Free Essays on Hospital Hospitalities Hà ´pital Hospitalities "AAAAAAAAAOOOOOOOOOOCH!". "Voir a fait thaaat hurrt ?" Beseeched Imbà ©cile d'Infirmià ¨re dans son accent britannique poli. Les signes de rà ©volte à ©taient simplement à ©vidents sur le troisià ¨me plancher(à ©tage) de ce domicile "la respiration de sel de pin". Ces cris perà §ants horrifiants ont à ©tà © faits par moi, depuis, je m'à ©tais posà © en cette place en face de celui de ciel. J'ai eu horreur rester Detroit Riverview l'Hà ´pital parce qu'ils ont servi l'alimentation horrible, leur personnel m'a traità © avec la cruautà © absolue et la nà ©gligence et les rà ¨gles(autorità ©s) et les rà ¨glements qui ont à ©tà © à ©tablis, à ©taient absolument absurde. L'alimentation d'hà ´pital à ©tait sans aucun doute horrible. Un de leurs plats principaux à ©tait les bandes de boeuf grillà ©es qui, probablement, pourraient avoir à ©tà © faites dans des vestes en cuir. De plus, si leurs hamburgers avaient dà ©sormais la graisse compilà ©e dans eux, ils auraient pu en rà ©alità © alimenter Rosanne Barr. Une question auquel on a souvent demandà ©, à ©tait si la dinde dà ©borde à ©tait la dinde, ou dà ©border. En fait, quelque chose de l'alimentation a semblà © , apparemment, à ªtre de-guerre-stratà ©gique. Autrement dit, la graisse de la tarte d'asperge à ©tait assez pour noyer un individu. Malheureusement, leur chariot de Mandrin cà ©là ¨bre à ©tait upchuck et, le croire ou pas, à ©tait le deuxià ¨me article qui avait le potentiel pour tuer le Surhomme. En outre, si leurs toasts franà §ais ont ressemblà © dà ©sormais la styro-mousse, ils seraient employà ©s dans l'emballage. Une autre raison pourquoi j'ai mà ©prisà © cet hà ´pital à ©tait tant parce que le personnel m'a traità © avec une cruautà © si incroyable et la nà ©gligence. Par exemple, les infirmià ¨res avaient une habitude dà ©sagrà ©able de me laisser(me quitter) inconscient de quand l'aiguille torturante - la poussà ©e de la cà ©rà ©monie devait avoir lieu. d'autres temps, le prà ©posà © nà ©gligent qui pre...

Cause and Effect of Privacy Violation on Social Media and the Internet Essay

Cause and Effect of Privacy Violation on Social Media and the Internet - Essay Example Facebook, MySpace, Twitter are some of the most popular and most commonly used social networking sites having masses who use it on daily basis. The popularity of these social networking sites is very addictive. People update and upload statuses, check in at various places, upload pictures which have made tracking very convenient. Many people do not care about their privacy settings and unaware of that anybody can have access to their personal pictures, locations etc. many people are giving their information which is generally very personal on these sites through which all internet users can easily access it. "Social networking has also obtained a poor reputation for protecting users privacy due to a continual flow of media stories discussing privacy problems." (Tyler, 122) Some of the most common issues that have arisen with the propagation of social are internet dating, social profiling, cyberstalking, the disclosure of information, as well as the government using information available on such websites without any search warrant. Today many individuals get involved in each other merely through these social networking websites. At times these people turn out to be completely fake using such individuals for their own advantages. Fantasies are developed and then advantages are taken. Today, many young girls are a victim of this internet dating boom. Another problem with privacy violation is that pictures are being used for various purposes. Many cases have been observed through which pictures are being misused and pornography is being promoted. Cyber-stalking has also increased with the passage of time increases the risk of such problems. The concept of checking in at various locations is very new but that has increased security issues. Now one can locate someone very easily and can also keep track of individuals recent whereabouts.

The Benefits and Risks of Food Steroids, Antibiotics, and Sprays in Research Paper

The Benefits and Risks of Food Steroids, Antibiotics, and Sprays in the Eye of the Food Manufacturers and the Consumers - Research Paper Example Diseases that can be acquired from eating processed foods with food steroids, antibiotics, and sprays. 1. Cancer 2. Diabetes 3. Heart Diseases B. The routine use of antibiotics was a contributing factor in the surge of drug-resistant bacteria. C. Research of different scientists showing the risks of using food steroids, antibiotics, and sprays to humans. IV. The role of the government in the use of food steroids, antibiotics, and food sprays by food manufacturers. A. The research done by the National Research Council as commissioned by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) under the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). B. The regulations and guidelines issued by the government 1. The Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act 2. The Animal Drug Availability Act C. The recommendations of the government for the food manufacturing industry for the safety and health of consumers. I. Introduction Additives such as antibiotics, steroids and other s prays were created for food for a reason. Providing food quickly and cheaply to a rapidly expanding population was not an easy task for the food industry over the past century. The short shelf life of most products made storage costly, and adverse weather conditions, animal sickness, and other environmental challenges maintained a high risk of losses to the industry. A way out for combating these challenges was offered by scientific developments: the use of pesticides to kill pests that destroy farms, antibiotics to ensure the health of livestock, and steroids to make the livestock reproduce fast enough to meet the growing demand for meat. These interventions made food more affordable, accessible, and helped reduce losses (National Research Council). However, they also brought a new series of challenges to the table. As scientific knowledge grew, so did the concern about possible ways that additives in food could harm the people consuming them. In particular, were concerns of how th e chemical effects on food may promote obesity and lead to heart disease. Agricultural chemicals, pesticides, and veterinary drugs are now included among the most significant chemical hazards in food (Lawley, Curtis and Davis, 4). This paper will discuss the benefits, potential harmful effects, and governmental policies regarding the use of food steroids, antibiotics, and sprays in food manufacturing. It shall also discuss how the government can help resolve the conflict between health advocates and the food industry. The thesis for this paper is as follows. The government should implement strict guidelines on the use of food steroids, antibiotics, and sprays in the production process instead of banning their use in order to balance the claims of the food manufacturers as well as the advocates of public health of the benefits and risks of these food enhancers. II. The benefits derived by food manufactured in using food steroids, antibiotics, and sprays. D. Production cost is low. Ma thhew Perrone has reported that early studies on antibiotics in the 1940’s and 1950’s showed that adding antibiotics to animals’ diet reduced their feeding costs, and made them ready for consumption faster. Feeding takes up about 70 percent of the cost of raising animals, and the use of antibiotics was thus a windfall for farmers. This led the FDA to approve the use of antibiotics for farm animals in the 1950’s. No harmful effects of this policy were known until then. Since the